Huldah Who? The Forgotten Ministry of a Lady Prophet
Where to
Begin?
I have long been fascinated by the enigmatic figure of Huldah. I discovered
Huldah in 1988 in an “OT” Survey class reading through the Bible. We never
actually discussed her and I am not sure we could have done so. But I never
forgot her. She has been a poltergeist floating in my mind for nearly 20 years!
Here was this woman placing a stamp of authenticity on Scripture, interpreting
it and exercising authority over men . . . all at the same time!
I did not know what to do with her.
Since then I have been involved in many discussions regarding women in
Scripture. Invariably I am told a woman never exercised authority over men with
God’s approval because Paul forbade it. I then ask, “What about Huldah?” The
response is almost (without exception) “Huldah Who?”
Here are two representative samples (out of many that could have been picked) of
some attitudes towards women’s role among conservative Christians. I mention
these not to make fun, nor to demean, but simply to illustrate my point:
“Prophets
were not preachers. They did not preach; they did not do the work of a pastor
nor the work of an evangelist, nor of a Bible teacher. To prophesy means to
foretell the future. A prophecy is a revelation of the future. A prophet is a
man who receives a divine revelation. A prophetess is a woman who receives a
divine revelation concerning the future.
Prophetesses
never preached in the Bible. They received brief divine revelation to give to
individuals, but were never sent to preach, to address public assemblies as
expounders of the Word, nor to do the work of a pastor or evangelist.”
John R. Rice, Bobbed Hair, Bossy Wives
and Women Preachers
(Sword of the Lord Publications, 1941), 48-49
“Lindy
Adams’ article dealing with the role of women reveals an area of debate that
fails to consider the heart of the problem. We are not saying a great deal about
the role of women in the secular realm. This is the heart of the issue. This the
area in which all the problems of leadership originate. But the first question
we must answer is, “Does the Bible authorize women to be in positions of
authority over men in any area of life?” It is my belief and one in which I
would debate, that women have no biblical authority to be over men in any area
of life. Her subjection role was given at creation and has never been changed.”
Tony Demonbreun, “Letter to the Editor,”
Christian Chronicle 61
(December 2004), 31
But there is another perspective. It comes from a 9 year old little girl. I did
not ask for this, but Rachael gave it to me. She knew I was studying for this
presentation [for ACU] and got out her Bible. She laid out on the floor next to
me and asked where she could read about Huldah. She went off and made a ‘report’
(we do this often for our home schooling) on Huldah and gave it to me on Friday
night . . . If you do not mind I would like to share it with you. Please bear in
mind this is written by a 9 year old girl.
The
Prophetess Huldah
by Rachael Valentine
The King of
Jerusalem sent the priest Hilkiah over to Huldah to speak to her she said to him
a message from the Lord, to be sent to the King. The Lord God is ruler over
Jerusalem. The people will be under a curse. The fire of my anger won’t be put
out. I am doing this because for so long have you worshipped the Baals. You will
be with your ancestors. You won’t see what I am going to do to this place.
God is
having a little trouble with people [sic]. He is troubled with the people’s
disobedience to the Covenant. The Covenant was a promise to only to worship God.
But as I said, they had been burning insence [sic] to the Baals, breaking the
Covenant. Obviously, Huldah is warning them, giving them a chance to repent. And
repent they do. The King of Jerusalem gathered a meeting of all the people. They
burned offerings to the Lord. The King sent away the priests who served other
Baals. The people are trying to get out of God’s anger.
My daughter,
Rachael, told me what to say. If any of you would like to have some
encouragement let us know while we stand and sing.”
The open faith of a child . . . Sounds quite a bit different than what we saw a
moment ago from some older men. I laughed until my stomach hurt at that last
line, but I was so moved by it I asked her if I could share it with you.
What is a
Prophet?
You will recall that Rice stated that a prophet simply predicts the future, that
a prophet never acts the part of an evangelist, nor as a Bible teacher. (One
wonders if he ever heard of Jonah? Or Moses? Surely these prophets were
evangelists and bible teachers) Others, like LaGard Smith (and I am not picking
on him), take away from the authority of the prophetic ministry by saying
prophets were only ad hoc agents and the “real stuff” of God was located in the
priesthood. I have serious problems with characterization. Can we come to a
biblical definition of what a prophet is?
1) In Exodus 7.1 Yahweh says “See I make
you as God to Pharaoh and Aaron your prophet.”
2) Amos 7.16 Amaziah says to Amos “Do not
prophesy against Israel, and do not preach against the house of Israel.”
The parallelism here make it almost certain that “to prophesy” and to “preach”
are the same thing.
3) Paul says in 1 Cor 14.3 that “those
who prophesy speak to other people For their up building and encouragement and
consolation.”
From just these very select passages it is clear that a prophet speaks a word
from God. Some times a prediction but more often it is not. The prophet preaches
the word of God to build up, to encourage and to console . . . and to challenge.
Female
Prophets in Scripture
For those who know who she is, Huldah has been either an irritant or an
inspiration. But she need not be the former for there are other women with the
honor of “prophet”
Miriam (Exodus 15.20; cf.
Micah 6.4)
Deborah (Judges 4-5)
The False Prophet Noadiah
(Nehemiah 6.14 . . . False for not telling the truth, not because she is a
woman)
Wife of Isaiah (Isaiah 8.3)
Huldah (2 Kings 22 and 2
Chronicles 34)
False Female Prophets of Ezekiel
(13.17-23, cf. vv. 1-16 for false male prophets)
Anna (Luke 2.36-38)
Female Prophets of Pentecost
(Acts 2.17-18)
Philips Four Daughters (Acts
21. 8-9)
Corinthian Female Prophets (1
Corinthians 11.4-5)
The Bible of the early Church also contained wonderful stories of other great
women of God like Susanna,
Judith and Greek/Old Latin
Esther . . . Wonderful
narratives of women in the service of God. In Tobit,
Sarah (wonderful prayer of hers)
and Anna are brought to life.
We should avail ourselves to these tales of faith and courage by women of God.
Setting of
the Huldah Narrative
Huldah is extremely important to the history known as Joshua-Samuel-Kings and
also Chronicles. Most of the names we think of when we here the word “prophet”
are not even mentioned by either of these histories. Jonah and Isaiah (“writing
prophets”) are mentioned in Kings. Jeremiah is not, to my knowledge mentioned at
all. In Chronicles Isaiah is mentioned as is Jeremiah mentioned briefly as the
author of a lament over Josiah (2 C 35.25) and in 2 C 36. 12, 21. He is never
mentioned in connection with Josiah’s reform . . .
But Huldah is given considerable space
(comparatively) by both Kings and Chronicles.
As we shall see the Huldah narrative is central not only to the Josiah episode
but to the entire structure of Chronicles (where I will spend most of my time).
Here is a structural outline that highlights what I mean:
A. Formulaic Introduction (34.1-2)
B. Cultic Purification of Judah & Jerusalem (34.3-5)
C. Cultic Purification of the North (34.6-7)
D. Discovery of the Book (34.8-18)
E. Prophecy
of Huldah
(34.19-32)
D’ Implementation of the Book (34.29-32)
C’ Cultic Purification of the North (34.33)
B’ Celebration of the Passover (35.1-19)
A’ Extended Formulaic Conclusion (35.20-36.1)
This structure, known as a chiasm,
places Hudah’s work as the theological and structural center of the Josiah
narrative. It stresses the authority of the prophetic word and scripture. The
king and the people stand under the prophetic word.
Josiah’s
Question (read 34. 14-21)
In response to the discovery of the “book of the Law” Josiah is alarmed. But he
is not foolhardy. He needs to know if this work is authentic . . . If it is
“true.” What Josiah does next fits well with what we know from Assyrian
parallels of Esarhaddon and Nabonidus. When the king receives an oracle or an
omen he would “double-check” it with another “god.” Josiah has just received bad
news (an omen!) and wants to know if it is
really the word of the Lord. So
he “double-checks” so to speak with the Prophet Huldah.
So Josiah sends five men to “inquire of
Yahweh.” Not just any men but some of the, if not the, most
important men in the nation. It might pay to reflect on who these men are for
just a moment:
1) Hilkiah the High Priest.
The highest spiritual leader in the country.
2) Ahikam son of Shaphan. The
Shaphan family is important in Judah. Ahikam is father of Gedaliah who becomes
governor (2 Kgs 25.22)
3) Abdon
4) Shaphan the Secretary. He
is basically the secretary of state or chief of staff for the king.
5) Asiah the king’s
attendant.
These men are important in ancient Judah both theologically and politically. We
should not miss this fact.
Josiah’s instruction to these five men is “inquire” or literally “seek the
Lord.” “Seek” is a major theme in Chronicles. God seeks seekers in Chronicles.
Josiah does not “seek” for himself alone but for the entire people of God (v.
21). The question is a question about authenticity and interpretation: “seek/inquire
. . . ABOUT what is written in this book.” Is it true? Will we die?
Is there no hope? These are significant questions, in Josiah’s day and our own.
Enter Huldah
Who? (34.22-28)
When Josiah was in the midst of a great spiritual and moral crises, Huldah is
the single person to whom he turned. We do not know if Josiah told these men to
go to Huldah but that is what they did. The King wanted answers and these five
very important men went directly and naturally, apparently, to Huldah!
Given our history, and disposition, one is disposed to ask “why
Huldah?” The question is even more important when we realize that
there were male prophets active at this time. Most “famously” would be Jeremiah.
But Zephaniah, Nahum are also active prophets at this time and Habakkuk would be
prophesying by no later than 612. Another male prophet is mentioned in the
narrative, a “Jeduthan” who is called the “king’s seer” (35.15) So why her? One
scholar opines, “It is clear that Huldah
was a major cult official, and her reputation in her own time probably was
greater than Jeremiah” (John Otwell,
And Sarah Laughed: The Status of Women in the
OT, p. 158). I think in light of Huldah’s place in the narrative of
both Kings and Chronicles and the relative silence regarding Jeremiah and other
prophets that Otwell is probably correct in his opinion.
After the longest “introduction” given to a prophet in Chronicles (Hicks, p.
296) we hear the word of God flow from the lips of a female prophet. (READ
34.23-28).
Huldah “authorizes” the Book.
She places her stamp of approval on the content as truly from the Lord. For the
first time in history (that is recorded) we read of a writing being declared to
be scripture . . . And a woman did it! As another has written,
“The
authority to pass judgment on this initial entry into the canon was given to a
woman. At the beginning of the Bible we find Huldah; in her we discover the
first scripture authority. . . How could we have lost sight of her all these
years” (Swidler,
p. 1783)
Huldah's authority is unquestioned by the king or his men. I have to conclude
that she likewise had the authority to declare the "book" to be a fraud. If she
would have declared it to be a hoax I do believe that Josiah would have believed
her. But her authority is what gave the book credibility and power. But she did
more than authenticate the book.
Josiah had placed the burden of the guilt of Judah in the past (v.21, “because
of our fathers”), Huldah places the burden in the present (v.25, ‘they have
forsaken me”). Please note that Huldah did not only place her stamp of approval
on the book brought by the High Priest and his entourage.
She became its interpreter. She
set its announcement of doom in Judah’s contemporary condition. In fact I
believe there are three implicit claims made by Huldah . . . And endorsed by the
inspired authors of Kings and Chronicles. These claims are in “authorization
movements”:
1) Huldah began as an authoritative person, one who made a claim, recognized by
the king, the high priest and the secretary of state as a legitimate claim, to
speak for the Lord God of Israel.
2) Regarding the text she claimed the authority to declare it worthy of
obedience and representative of the will of God in the present day (of Judah)
3) She judged the validity of the text vis-à-vis history by interpreting it in
light of the present condition.
These are no small claims but these are in fact what the Chronicler describes
Josiah and the People of God giving her . . . And he does himself.
By way of just passing notice does not Esther do the same in Esther 9.29, 32?
Huldah the Female Prophet of God did the following things:
she declared this book to be scripture, she
interpreted it and applied it for and to both men and the nation of Israel as a
whole.
Huldah in
Light of Chronicles’ Theology
The second half of Huldah’s oracle gives a positive word to Josiah. Because he
repented and “humbled” himself before Yahweh he would not see these evil days.
The term humble oneself is a key theme in the larger framework of the book. It
appears in a number of significant passages which are not found in the parallel
accounts in Kings.
A key to the Chronicler’s use of the term “humble
oneself” is 2 C 7.14. After Solomon prays at the temple dedication,
the Lord promises that the peoples prayers will be heard if they “humble
themselves”. In the Chronicler’s account, Rehoboam is spared when he
“humbles himself” (2 C 20).
Hezekiah humbles himself before the Lord in 2 C 32.36. Manasseh is spared and
restored to the throne in 2 C 33.12 and 19 because he “humbled
himself” before Yahweh. Josiah is spared destruction in his day
because he humbled himself before God. This is the only one of these passages
which is paralleled in Kings. What is important for our purposes is that the
Hebrew root is used only once in 2 Kgs 22.19 but the Chronicler uses it twice in
2 C 34.27 in order to emphasize it.
The last occurrence of the term “humble oneself” in the book of Chronicles is
also significant and forms a climax to the mercy theme God grants to those who
are humble before him. This is found in 2 C 36.12 in the introduction to
Zedekiah. He did “evil” in the sight of God and the Chronicler adds “he did not
humble himself” before the word of the Lord.
This theme expressed by the word “humble oneself” ( ) runs through out the
Chroniclers account of the kingdom from Solomon’s prayer to the fall of
Jerusalem when Zedekiah refuses to humble himself. The use of “humble himself”
twice in the prophecy of Huldah makes her articulate one of the most important
concerns of the Chronicler himself. Far from being a peripheral character she
expresses the heart of the theology of Chronicles.
This theological analysis lends support to our previous structural analysis
suggesting that Huldah is not a “who” but a very important person in the history
of redemption.
Huldah’s
Legacy
What is Huldah’s legacy? Does she have one? Yes and No! If her legacy was great
in the modern church I would not have titled my presentation “Huldah Who? The
Forgotten Story of a Female Prophet.”
But it has not always been so. She has been an inspiration to both men and women
of God through the centuries beginning
with our biblical historians. They did not want her forgotten . . .
Historians are selective in what they can place in a work and they made sure she
was included. That says a lot, I believe.
If we had only Kgs we would never even know
Jeremiah or Amos existed . . . But we would know of Huldah!
The early church recognized her greatness (along with other women of God) in the
prayer for the ordination of a deaconess in the
Apostolic Constitutions (Fourth
Century A.D.):
“O eternal
God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Creator of man and of Woman, who
filled Miriam, Anna, Deborah and Huldah with the Spirit . . . Look upon your
servant who is chosen for the ministry and grant her your Holy Spirit.”
Women from our own history like Abigail Roberts, Nancy Towle, Rebecca Miller,
Sadie McCoy Crank, and Selina Holman have felt the call to ministry or teach . .
. And all appealed to Huldah. Miller for example appealed to Huldah as an
example of women serving the Lord in ministry:
“That Huldah,
being an approved prophetess of the Lord, was consulted by Josiah, the penitent
king of Judah, to whom she sent so thrilling a message from the Lord that it
cause all Judah and Jerusalem to tremble and turn to the Lord”
(quoted in Brekus, Strangers & Pilgrims,
p. 218)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton defended her work on behalf of women’s rights by
appealing to Huldah. In her mind Huldah was one of the greatest of all God‘s
servants:
“The
greatest character among the women thus far mentioned (in the OT) is Huldah the
prophetess, residing in the college in Jerusalem . . . Her wisdom and insight
were well known to Josiah the king; and when the wise men came to him with the
‘Book of the Law,’ to learn what was written therein, Josiah ordered them to
take it to Huldah, as neither the wise men nor Josiah himself could interpret
its contents . . . We should not have had such a struggle in our day to open the
college doors (to women) had the clergy read of the dignity accorded to Huldah.
People who talk the most of what the Bible teaches often know the least about
its contents.”
(quoted in Phipps, p. 15).
Final
Thoughts
Huldah is an incredible woman of God. She was called by God to be a prophet. She
had a great reputation in ancient Israel. She did in fact exercise authority by
the very nature of her ministry. She is the first person to declare a text
scripture but she also interpreted and applied it to her day. She stands at the
very heart of the Josiah narrative and in fact his reform movement was the
result of her prophetic work. But the Chronicler also uses her to articulate one
the central motifs of his entire work . . . The theme of mercy given to those
who humbly seek the Lord.
One of our own, C. R. Nichol, wrestled with Huldah in a book written in 1938
called God’s Woman. This is
an amazing book. As we close our time together I would like to share some of his
conclusions from studying Huldah:
“Sex
relationship was the same in the days of Huldah that was in the days of the
apostles. Huldah was inspired by the Holy Spirit to teach a group of men, and
she did teach them without violating the law of Jehovah. Though we do not have
inspired men and women today, it does not follow that a group of men may not be
taught by a man, or a woman.
(God’s Woman, p. 30).
I do not have all the answers to the tough questions regarding women, or even,
men in God’s church. But I do know this that we need to deal with
all
of God’s word and we need to deal with it honestly. We need to let Huldah
challenge our notions. It is simply not the case that a woman has never
exercised authority over men with God’s approval. Huldah did that . . . And much
more. Must Huldah remain “Huldah Who?”
Can we not be like Josiah and Hilkiah and learn from her?
Hesed & Shalom,
Bobby Valentine